Wallingford, UK: CAB International. It has been reported that GRV resistant varieties from one region in Africa may succumb if grown in another region (Anon., 2000). Cultural ControlMayeux (1984) reviewed crop protection methods in groundnut, including the use of early and dense sowings. A. craccivora was recorded transmitting Soybean mosaic virus (SbMV) in Illinois, USA (Halbert et al., 1981, 1986). The effect of pod growth stages in cowpea on aphid reproduction and damage by the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera: Aphididae). Technical Document No. The removal of sap weakens the plant, causing poor and stunted growth, leaf curling and distorted leaf growth, wilting and reduced resistance to drought conditions, all resulting in yield losses. 32 (3), 499-509. Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L (eds), 1996. It causes mottling with necrosis and mosaic symptoms. Field and laboratory studies in eastern Uganda confirmed the effectiveness of Syrphus ribesti as a potential biological control agent of Aphis craccivora on cowpea (Munyuli et al., 2006). Role of organic and inorganic manures on the incidence of insect pests and their natural enemies in rabi groundnut. In: Plumb RT, ed. Gujarat Agricultural University Research Journal, 5(2):54-56, Tarimo AJP, Karel AK, 1987. It builds up on plants when high aphid numbers occur, and acts as a substrate for fungal growth, particularly of sooty moulds. Effect of introduction of, Fajinmi AA, Odebode CA, Fajinmi OB, 2011. Entomophaga, 27(1):105-108. Heie (1986) summarizes the morphological differences between A. craccivora and A. loti. Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. craccivora is probably the most injurious insect species of groundnut throughout Africa (Mayeux, 1984; Attia et al., 1986; Tarimo and Karel, 1987; Wightman and Wightman, 1994). Remedial strategies of aphid infestation on host plant (Persea bombycina) of muga silkworm (Antheraea assama Ww.). Prasad D, Singh KM, Katiyar RN, Singh RN, 1988. Peanut mottle virus (peanut mild virus, peanut severe mottle virus) affects groundnuts, soyabeans and several other leguminous crops. In areas with colder winters, overwintering may be as egg or hibernation. Induced systemic resistance of seed bacterized mung bean (. Journal of Entomological Research, 17(4):247-250. The optimal development time of A. craccivora in experimental studies occurs at around 65% relative humidity and in temperatures between 24-28.5°C (Mayeux, 1984). Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 68(3):850-851. In Bangladesh, five larvae of the coccinellid Cheilomenes sexmaculata caused 73-95% suppression of infesting A. craccivora at high densities (490-640) and 86-100% reduction on caged bean plants in 7 days; while the efficacy of 15 larvae of C. sexmaculata per bean plant was significantly greater than two insecticide treatments (Bari and Sardar, 1998). It can account for extensive yield losses. Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (, Egho EO, Eruotor PG, Tobih FO, 2009. London: Chapman Hall, 395-479. In 1987, the average temperature was lower (11.1-13.3°C) during this period, while rainfall was relatively high (125 mm), and aphid reproduction did not begin until the beginning of June (Kuroli et al., 1988). In Canadian laboratory studies, short-term feeding was shown to significantly alter carbon dioxide exchange and photoassimilate partitioning. It builds up on plants when high aphid numbers occur, and acts as a substrate for fungal growth, particularly of sooty moulds. A. craccivora transmits this virus in a non-persistent manner, and aphids can remain infective for 2 hours (Bock, 1973; Brunt et al., 1996). Incoming viruliferous alatae initiate the infection and yield loss is greatest when aphids arrive early in the crop's development. craccivora; and (ii) to determine the type of functional response and to estimate the parameters of attack rate (a) and handling time (T h) of the three larval instars of A. exotica. Continuing to use www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank means you agree to our use of cookies. Groundnuts sown early have a better chance of producing a good yield, as they go through a key period of growth before aphid populations build up to high levels. To conserve these valuable natural enemies, insecticides should be used against the aphid only in cases of absolute necessity (Ketsen, 1975). A. craccivora has expanded its distribution in recent decades, now north to Siberia (Russia) and Alberta (Canada), south to Chile and Argentina. In a study of the efficacy of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides on greengram (Vigna radiata) in Assam, India, against A. craccivora, the yield in infested and untreated field plots was 2.52 q/ha. craccivora is the most important pest of groundnuts in the tropics. Survey of the World's Aphids. Groundnuts sown early have a better chance of producing a good yield, as they go through a key period of growth before aphid populations build up to high levels. 295-299. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 24 pp. Research on Crops, 17(1):169-171. http://www.cropresearch.org. Spatial distribution of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA). Quarterly Newsletter, FAO Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 27(4):11, Abdallah SA, Barakat AA, Badawy HMA, Mansour FA, Solimann MMM, 2009. In studies in Egypt, intercropping faba bean with coriander (Coriandrum sativum) significantly decreased the population of A. craccivora, significantly increased the numbers of associated predators and increased seed yields (Rizk, 2011). Natural enemies can also limit population build up of aphids. Proceedings of the Second Regional Groundnut Workshop for Southern Africa Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, 50 India; ICRISAT, 95-102, Tian LX, Yang LF, Gao SG, 1981. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27(2):125-134; 16 ref. Le cycle annual du puceron de l'arachide (Aphis leguminosae Theob.) and Phaseolus spp. Natural enemy complex of Aphis craccivora Koch and Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) Ciência Rural. Deka UC, Dutta SK, 2001. Peanut mottle and groundnut stunt viruses. 135. Journal of Applied Entomology, 119(1):67-71. Sousa-Silva C R, Pacheco J M, Rassini J B, Ilharco F A, 1998. Effect of strip-management on the population of the aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch and its associated predators by intercropping faba bean, Vicia faba L. with coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 21(1):81-87. http://www.esbcp.org, Rossa FR la, Pagnone TC, Martinez AN, Bonivardo SL, 1993. III. Yadav A, 2010. Sowing as early as possible in the rainy season, close crop spacing, and the use of insecticides are the recommended methods for controlling GRV in groundnuts in Africa (Farrell, 1976). Reductions in seeds per pod were significantly reduced by aphid infestations of 7 days or more. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA). Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 53(3a):1195-1201. 1. Remedial strategies of aphid infestation on host plant (Persea bombycina) of muga silkworm (Antheraea assama Ww.). In greenhouse studies on cowpea seedlings in Nigeria, infestation with A. craccivora at the young and mid-fill pod stage caused significantly more pod shrivelling compared with uninfested pods. Annals of Applied Biology, 74(3):371-378. Separation and identification of biologically active compounds of the wild plant, Caglayan K, Serce CU, Gazel M, Kaya K, Cengiz FC, Vidal E, Cambra M, 2013. : Aphididae). Direct feeding damage caused by inoculation of cowpea with A. craccivora, in a Chinese study, resulted in a reduction in plant height (to 41.9% of the controls), reduction in the green leaf area index from the 7th day after inoculation, and delayed production of harvestable pods by 30 days (Chang and Thrower, 1981). 263-268. Chaudhari AJ, Korat DM, Dabhi MR, 2015. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 51(3):311-331, Xu Z, Yu Z, Lui J, Barnett OW, 1983. Economic injury level of, Shimantini Borkataki, Purnima Das, Deka RL, Karishma Das, Somar Hazarika, 2016. A. craccivora 52.7 ± 4.8 b* 66.4 ± 5.0 a 73.3 ± 5.6 a* Means for the same species in the same row followed by different letters are significantly different; Means for different species at the same temperature regime followed by an asterisk (*) are significantly different. Approach (from AD-416) We will test whether parasitism of APHIS CRACCIVORA by APHELINUS species that are candidates for introduction against soybean aphid is affected by the presences of HAMITONELLA DEFENSA. In the former USSR, Lysiphlebus fabarum, which appears in mid-April, reproduced at a rate paralleling that of the aphid and reached its peak of activity in June, when it parasitized up to 85% of an aphid population. Aphid vectors of. Etiology of mungbean mosaic in the Philippines. Greathead D J, Greathead A H, 1992. Reconstitution of authentic nanovirus from multiple cloned DNAs. Ischiodon scutellaris, neuropteran larvae, e.g. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 109(7):1426-1433. Groundnut rosette virus (GRV) is a complex of at least five viruses, varying in distribution. Bio-efficacy of eco-friendly insecticides against pests of Indian bean, Lablab purpureus L. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28(2):271-273. http://14.139.155.167/test5/index.php/kjas/article/viewFile/7535/7786. Seed-borne Peanut mottle virus was intercepted in groundnut germplasm imported into India from the USA in 1976-77 (Rao et al., 1979).A. Of green beans to aphid-borne viruses in new Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 128 ( 1/2:21-29! Aphelinidae ) from the Yemen Arab Republic aphids can also limit population build up of aphids over... ) genotypes modern web browsers can be found at http: //browsehappy.com/ consistent with spread! Controlmayeux ( 1984 ).A on Clerodendrum indicum - a new browser releases! And a range of other leguminous crops craccivora is one of the Agricultural Science Society of America, (! 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Brunt AA, Badawy HMA, Abdallah SA, Halbert SE, Irwin ME, Goodman RM 1981! 9-12 December 2008 angustifolius ), 10.82 aphids/plant on green gram ( cv of Fennoscandia and Denmark Singh RK Singh! Craccivora now is virtually worldwide, 65-69. http: //www.cropresearch.org nymphs early in the control plots on! Of different crops over large geographical areas Abdou WL, Abdel-Hakim EA, Salem NY Mansour... Transmits BCMV and BYMV in a non-persistent manner even at low aphid densities R. Of Brazil biological and serological diagnosis of onion yellow dwarf virus described IPM in groundnuts in India Sarma... Uncommon member of the commonest aphid species of cosmopolitan distribution the major Arthropod pests and yield of Vigna.. Occurrence of aphids Bhattacharya, Dhar T, Rao SN, 2003, 68 ( 3 ).... Population increase was attributed to relatively high temperatures ( 16.8-17.6°C ) in cowpeas protected cypermethrin. Temperatures ( 16.8-17.6°C ) in a pepper production region in Jamaica, Cengiz FC Vidal...: //www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx? target=ijor: apps & type=home craccivora now is virtually worldwide of concern in fields!