Oxford women had similarly low status. 2018 Oct 17;11(1):738. doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3829-0. 2020 May 29;12(6):1606. doi: 10.3390/nu12061606. Birmingham, Consequences of Severe Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy: Evidence in Humans. 5. Availability of iodised table salt in the UK – is it likely to influence population iodine intake? The UK population is now classified as mildly iodine-insufficient. Iodine deficiency. B3 2TA 1,2, The effects of mild to moderate deficiency, however, are less well known. Public Health Nutr 2013:E-Pub 16 Jan. © 2020 content and site imagery designed by the British Dietetic Association. MC_PC_15018/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom, MR/K02132X/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom. 17. Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review. eCollection 2020. Koletzko B, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Graf C, Hauner H, Hellmers C, Kersting M, Krawinkel M, Przyrembel H, Röbl-Mathieu M, Schiffner U, Vetter K, Weißenborn A, Wöckel A. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. In the 1800s, iodine deficiency was historically common in the UK. Moleti M, Di Bella B, Giorgianni G, et al. Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett PM, Rayman MP. 2014 Dec;14 Suppl 6:s7-11. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). 11. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74(6):762-8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005520. In the UK and other developed countries, there is more concern about the effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. There are only two iodine intervention studies that have been conducted in pregnant women in regions of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency with child cognitive outcomes;3,4 both studies found that iodine supplementation benefitted child cognition though the results should be interpreted with caution as unfortunately neither study was randomised nor placebo controlled. Nutrients. Lack of iodine can lead to a disorder of the thyroid gland called as hypothyroidism. Vanderpump MP, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, et al. We’ve known since 2011 that the UK population is mildly iodine defi cient. Iodine deficiency was once common in the UK in the 1800s and early part of the 20th century. Bath SC, Walter A, Taylor A, Wright J, Rayman MP. If you compare a list of iodine deficiency symptoms, and a list of hypo symptoms, you will find they are more or less the same Goitre (the physical symptom of iodine deficiency) was found in several regions – including the South West, Wales and the Peak District. In adjusted analyses, we found a significant association between low maternal iodine status in early pregnancy (urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio <150 μg/g) such that children had an approximately 60% greater risk of being in the bottom quartile of scores for verbal intelligence quotient, reading accuracy and comprehension. Diet and Lifestyle Before and During Pregnancy - Practical Recommendations of the Germany-wide Healthy Start - Young Family Network. As pregnancy is the most critical time for brain development, we evaluated iodine status in pregnant women in Surrey (n = 100) and Oxford (n = 230). Delayed neurobehavioral development in children born to pregnant women with mild hypothyroxinemia during the first month of gestation: the importance of early iodine supplementation. And, iodine will not fix it, either, only make the problem worse. United Kingdom, IDDSI: The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative framework, Practice-based Evidence in Nutrition (PEN), COVID-19 / Coronavirus Community Guidance, Annual General Meeting & Elsie Widdowson Lecture, Social Partnership Forum Staff Transfer Guide, Consultation Response - NHSEI Weight Management Service discussion paper, Iodine deficiency in the UK – dietetic implications. About us 2015 Aug;37(4):619-29. doi: 10.1007/s10653-015-9682-3. Maternal urinary iodine concentration in pregnancy and children's cognition: results from a population-based birth cohort in an iodine-sufficient area. Melse-Boonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. USA.gov. Iodine, milk, and the elimination of endemic goitre in Britain: the story of an accidental public health triumph. As urinary iodine is considered as good biomarker of iodine status, the WHO recommends comparing the median urinary concentration value from a group of spot-urine samples to published criteria for determining population iodine status.1 The first national survey of iodine status in the UK for more 60 years was reported in 20118 - the urinary iodine results from over 700 schoolgirls (14-15 years) revealed mild iodine deficiency and the authors urged a comprehensive review of iodine status in the UK.8 There are also a number of small, localised studies that measured urinary iodine excretion in women of childbearing age, finding that they were mildly iodine deficient9-11 and deficiency has been demonstrated in pregnant women in south-east12 and north-east England,13 Scotland14 and Cardiff.15, These studies raise concern – they not only suggest that UK pregnant women are not meeting their iodine requirement, but that young women may be entering pregnancy with low thyroidal iodine stores which are inadequate to maintain thyroid function during pregnancy. Dietetic Jobs Thyroid 2009;19(5):511-9. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89(5):F436-9. (T3). Bath SC, Rayman MP. BMC Med. In the absence of official guidance, UK women of childbearing age should ensure that iodine requirements are met, ideally prior to conception, to optimise thyroidal stores, and iodine deficiency should particularly be avoided during pregnancy and lactation. Iodine is a difficult element to get naturally in the diet, which is why much of the world has addressed iodine deficiency by fortifying foods and providing iodized salt – but iodine deficiency clearly persists in populations and it is My thyroid is subclinical hypo. Bath S, Walter A, Taylor A, Rayman MP. 4. Lancet 2013:doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60436-5. Velasco I, Carreira M, Santiago P, et al. Epub 2018 Sep 25. 10. Iodine deficiency might be contributing to the large increase in thyroid problems being seen clinically. Iodine deficiency is best corrected by a healthy diet. The recommended iodine intake for adults (>12 years) is 150 µg/day.1 (see references below) During pregnancy and lactation, the requirement for iodine rises from 150 to 250 µg of iodine per day.1  The requirement is higher in pregnancy for three reasons: Ensuring an adequate supply of iodine during lactation is essential as breast milk iodine concentration reflects maternal iodine intake and brain development continues in the postnatal period. Zimmermann MB. Thyroid and iodine nutritional status: a UK perspective. 7. Recent research has revealed that some UK populations are now mild to moderately iodine deficient 3,4,5,6 and that this level of deficiency may come with risks to child cognitive development. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-s7. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51(4):391-3. Though the UK has long been considered to be iodine sufficient, there is increasing concern that this is no longer the case, particularly in women of childbearing age and pregnant women. Many dairy-milk substitutes (e.g. Hyperthyroidism and Iodine Deficiency Iodine is vital for the development of our brain cells and for the regulation and production of the thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. Eveleigh ER, Coneyworth LJ, Avery A, Welham SJM. 1. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. The UK’s iodine-defi ciency problem is one such issue. Vegans are a recognised at-risk group for many nutrient deficiencies, including iodine and vegetarians may also have a low iodine intake depending on the amount of milk and dairy products in their diet. UK: Maternal iodine deficiency do not lead to an increased autism risk in offspring, reveals results from a recent study in the journal BMC Pediatrics. Thyroid UK 112,778 members • 131,054 posts Join Write Home About Posts Members Iodine deficiency and hashimoto ER100 • • 11 Replies I have hashimoto's and I am iodine deficient. 9. People can also take it as a supplement. to cover potential increased renal loss of iodine during pregnancy and; to supply iodine to the fetus to produce its own thyroid hormones after the onset of thyroid function in mid-gestation. It is found in certain foods and iodized table salt. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Sarah is registered dietitian and has worked with the BDA to produce an Iodine Food Fact Sheet. Winter 2020 edition out now. Abel MH, Caspersen IH, Sengpiel V, Jacobsson B, Meltzer HM, Magnus P, Alexander J, Brantsæter AL. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;24(1):29-38. 13. Without sufficient dietary iodine many of our body’s systems and functions (particularly the thyroid) will operate below par, and a prolonged deficiency will cause disease. Barnett C, Visser T, Williams F, et al. Clin Med (Lond). Iodine status of UK women of childbearing age. This article was written by Dr Sarah Bath, an MRC Population Health Scientist Research Fellow at the University of Surrey who has been researching iodine in the UK since 2006. The approximate iodine content of a range of foods is shown in Table 1. Iodine is an essential component of two hormones produced by your thyroid: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Prevalence of maternal dietary iodine insufficiency in the north east of England: implications for the fetus. Br J Nutr 2014: E publicatation 7 January 2014; . Adequate levels of iodine during pregnancy are essential for fetal neurodevelopment, and mild iodine deficiency is … Endocrinology; clinical studies; nutrition; pregnancy. 3rd Floor Interchange Place, HHS Bath S, Button S, Rayman MP. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination, 3rd edition Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2007. 2. Keywords: British Dietetic Association,  Lancet. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. J Hum Nutr Diet 2008;21:379-80. Goitre develops at low iodine intakes and this hyperplasia of the thyroid is an adaptive response to low iodine supply by increasing the iodine-trapping potential of the thyroid. to facilitate the 50% surge in thyroid hormone production in early pregnancy. 18. The UK iodine requirements were set in 1991 and are now outdated, therefore World Health Organisation (WHO) requirements for iodine1 are used in this article. Iodine deficiency is a nutritional imbalance resulting from not consuming enough iodine in your diet. In the Peak District, it was so common it was called Derbyshire neck. Iodine is central to the functioning of the thyroid gland and the production of its hormones. Br J Nutr 2012;107(7):935-40. Severe iodine deficiency is known to cause cretinism, a condition characterised by severe learning disability and deafness.2. Iodine deficiency in the U.K.: an overlooked cause of impaired neurodevelopment? NLM 7 The scientists found, however, iodine was “markedly lower” among the vegans, with a third having levels below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) threshold for “severe deficiency”. Perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure and thyroid function in first-trimester pregnant women. In contrast with many other countries, the UK has not introduced a programme of iodine fortification such as salt iodisation. Proper thyroid function – metabolism and cognitive health Strong and focused immune system Iodine status of UK schoolgirls: a cross-sectional survey. The 'iodine deficiency disorders' are largely the result of an inadequate production of thyroid hormones. A review of the iodine status of UK pregnant women and its implications for the offspring. Your thyroid may then increase in size in order to trap iodine – this swelling, or “goitre”, may be visible in This site needs JavaScript to work properly. It is important to note that there is no method for diagnosing iodine deficiency in an individual; urinary iodine concentration can be used to assess the status of a group or population, but it is inappropriate for use in an individual. The median urinary iodine concentration was 85.3 μg/L in Surrey women, considerably lower than the WHO/United Nations Children's Fund/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders cut-off of 150 μg/L. An iodine deficiency can cause uncomfortable and even severe symptoms. Environ Geochem Health. The negative health effects of iodine deficiency on health and human development are well documented. UK women who might become pregnant should ensure they have adequate iodine status to avoid compromising their children's brain development. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, T4 and T3, and these hormones are required for regulation of metabolic rate, growth and development. Iodine deficiency can lead to swelling of the thyroid gland (goitre) and to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). 2013 May;72(2):226-35. doi: 10.1017/S0029665113001006. 2014 Jun 12;4(6):e005520. 3. Proc Nutr Soc 2012;71:E143. Evidence suggests that women who have a good supply of iodine prior to conception have a better thyroid hormone profile during pregnancy than those who abruptly increase their iodine intake at the start of pregnancy.16, In view of the evidence of iodine deficiency in certain groups of the population and the fact that there is very little information on iodine available to health professionals or the general public, Professor Rayman and I have produced a BDA Iodine Food Fact Sheet.17. We investigated whether that level of iodine deficiency was associated with adverse child cognitive effects using stored samples and data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Read more about us and our history. 19. This article explores the signs, symptoms, and complications of iodine deficiency It is clear that iodine excess should be avoided as there may be deleterious consequences for thyroid hormone production (both hypo- and hyperthyroidism).2 The safe upper limit is approximately 600 µg/day for adults (>12 years) and pregnant women2 but individuals with chronic iodine deficiency may adversely react to levels lower than this if thyroidal adaptation to low iodine supply has occurred.  |   |  It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as cretinism due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020 Aug 11;18(1):211. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01676-w. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). The United Kingdom is now classified as mildly iodine deficient by the World Health Organization, based on a 2011 national study of 14-15-year-old schoolgirls. You should be able to get all the iodine you need by eating a varied and balanced diet.  |  People who … Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett P, Rayman MP. The body only needs very little iodine but it must get the amount it needs. Therefore, too much and too little iodine can cause serious effects in the body. In fact, the country now ranks seventh among the ten most iodine-defi cient nationsin the world, one of only two high-income countries on the list. Goitre develops at low iodine intakes and this hyperplasia of the thyroid is an adaptive response to low iodine supply by increasing the iodine-trapping potential of the thyroid. J Endocrinol Invest 2002;25:(Supp. The objective of this report is to provide an updated analysis of the iodine deficiency situation in … Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Smyth PP, et al. Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study. **Depending on the season, higher value in winter. It can fuel the immune system attacks. Milk and dairy products are the principal source of iodine in the UK; other rich sources include seafood and eggs. 2018 Dec;78(12):1262-1282. doi: 10.1055/a-0713-1058. Push to increase the supply and availability of iodized salt in the UK A joint initiative of British Salt There is a known seasonal variation in the iodine content of milk with higher levels in winter milk than summer milk as cows are more reliant on mineral-fortified feed in the winter.7 In addition organic milk has an iodine concentration that is over 40% lower than that of conventional milk.18, Table 1: Approximate iodine concentration in a range of foods17, *Actual iodine content will vary ‡Lower iodine concentration for organic 2020 Jun 19;11:409. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00409. Researchers are warning iodine deficiency could be becoming endemic in the UK and are suggesting manufacturers should start adding it to table salt. The UK Iodine Group was formed in June 2012 with the aim of ensuring that iodine deficiency is eradicated in the UK. 2013 Jul 27;382(9889):331-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60436-5. Iodine deficiency is diagnosed across populations and not specifically in individuals. Individuals with thyroid disease or those who have experienced iodine deficiency over many years should speak to their GP before taking additional iodine. A sufficient intake of iodine during pregnancy is vital for the brain and neurological development of the fetus which is dependent on the action of thyroid hormones. Bath SC, Button S, Rayman MP. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. If you take iodine supplements, do not take too much as this could be harmful. Anyone who completely avoids dairy products and fish or consumes them in limited quantities is at risk of iodine deficiency. 12. Proc Nut Soc 2008;67:E399. iodine deficiency, UI and TGP, for each country for which data are available. As pregnancy is the most critical time for brain development, we evaluated iodine status in pregnant women in Surrey (n = 100) and Oxford (n = 230). There is considerably more focus and interest in iodine in the UK than in the past 50 years or so but iodine remains a nutrient that many health professionals are unaware of and is often overlooked. Phillips DI. This can cause various symptoms, the most common being tiredness, weight gain, constipation, aches, dry skin and feeling cold. Lancet 2011;377(9782):2007-12. British Dietetic Association, 2013. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, iodine intake increased three-fold and was sufficient to eradicate goitre; 7 it was subsequently assumed that iodine deficiency was not a problem in the UK. Iodine is water soluble. Raising concerns, Address Iodine deficiency disorders The 'iodine deficiency disorders' are largely the result of an inadequate production of thyroid hormones. No. 8. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(9):3234-41. By the early part of the 20th century a goitre belt was described that extended from the West Country and included Derbyshire – where goitre was so common it was called ‘Derbyshire neck’. Rayman MP, Sleeth M, Walter A, Taylor A. Iodine deficiency in UK women of child-bearing age. 14. Inadequate iodine intake of 40% of pregnant women from a region in Scotland. A low intake of iodine over a long period of time will cause your thyroid to work harder to try to keep the right amount of thyroid hormones in your blood. In collaboration with researchers at the University of Bristol, Professor Margaret Rayman and I were able to investigate this relationship by measuring iodine status in 1,040 pregnant women that were recruited to the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parent and Children (ALSPAC) in the 1990s. Kelp supplements should not be used as an iodine source and should not be recommended to pregnant women owing to the risk of excessive iodine intake.2. soya milk) are not enriched with iodine. Lampropoulou M, Lean M, Combet Aspray E. Iodine status of women of childbearing age in Scotland. There are several studies that relate mild thyroid hormone deficiency in pregnancy to a negative effect on child cognitive development5 but these studies have not measured iodine status during pregnancy and therefore, until recently, the effect of in utero mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency on child cognition has been relatively unexplored. Jobs with the BDA There is evidence that certain groups of the UK population, particularly pregnant women and women of childbearing age, are iodine deficient which is therefore of considerable public-health concern. Takele WW, Alemayehu M, Derso T, Tariku A. BMC Res Notes. Insufficient maternal iodine intake is associated with subfecundity, reduced foetal growth, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. 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